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ABSTRACT Introduction: Homocysteine (Hcy) is one of the metabolites of methionine (Met), an essential diet-derived amino acid. There is a close relationship between high plasma Hcy levels and declining renal function. Plasma and urinary Hcy level has been the target of studies as a biomarker that forecasts poor outcome in renal patients and in hemodialysis patients. This review evaluates the main studies that sought to correlate Hcy and poor prognosis in renal disease as well as the treatments proposed for the reduction of plasma Hcy levels in these patients. Conclusion: Hcy could be an important biomarker of renal disease progression mainly in hemodialysis patients. We emphasize the importance of normalizing plasma levels of this amino acid to ensure a better prognosis in kidney disease.
RESUMO Introdução: A homocisteína (Hcy) é um dos metabólitos da metionina (Met), um aminoácido essencial proveniente da dieta. Existe uma estreita relação entre os altos níveis plasmáticos de Hcy e o declínio da função renal. A Hcy plasmática e urinária tem sido alvo de estudos como um biomarcador capaz de sinalizar o prognóstico em doentes renais e em pacientes em hemodiálise. Esta revisão avalia os principais estudos que buscaram correlacionar a Hcy e o prognóstico da doença renal e descreve os tratamentos propostos para a redução dos níveis plasmáticos de Hcy nesses pacientes. Conclusão: A Hcy pode ser um biomarcador da progressão na doença renal, principalmente em pacientes hemodialíticos. Ressaltamos a importância da normalização dos níveis plasmáticos desse aminoácido para garantir um melhor prognóstico na doença renal.
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INTRODUCTION: Front of the persistence of tuberculosis in several municipalities in the country, the Ministry of Health (MS) established the National Tuberculosis Control Plan (NTCP), whose goals were to integrate 100% of the Brazilian municipalities in the fight against the disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of tuberculosis (TB) control actions and services of the Family Health Strategies in the city of Salgueiro-PE. METHOD: Cross-sectional, quantitative and descriptive survey study that evaluated health services in the city of Salgueiro-Pe, involving 40 participants. The data were selected through the steps of specific questions for the evaluation of TB, in addition to the questions on the epidemiological situation and the current state of health. In order to know the conditions for the control of TB in the municipality, a script was also elaborated with orientations directed to the manager. RESULTS: The results of our study showed a population aged from 34 to 59 years with a predominance of males (70%) and incomplete elementary school (37.5%). Regarding the place of diagnosis, the hospital had a higher prevalence of cases diagnosed with tuberculosis with 62.5%. 85,0% performed the Directly Observed Treatment. The averages of the evaluated actions showed that the municipality of Salgueiro-PE does not develop actions of health education and active search of symptomatic respiratory patients, The results were favorable only for the accomplishment of sputum bacilloscopy, monthly consultations of control and medical monitoring. CONCLUSION: The results showed weaknesses in the performance of actions and services by the Family Health Strategy in the municipality of Salgueiro, with damage to TB control and treatment.
INTRODUÇÃO: A atenção básica é resultado do desenvolvimento e consolidação do SUS através do programa de Estratégia Saúde da Família. Diante do quadro de persistência da tuberculose em vários municípios do País, o Ministério da Saúde (MS) estabeleceu o Plano Nacional de Controle da Tuberculose (PNCT) cujas metas eram integrar 100% dos municípios brasileiros na luta contra a doença. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o desempenho das ações e serviços de controle da tuberculose (TB) da Estratégia Saúde da Família no município de Salgueiro-PE. MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo transversal, quantitativo e descritivo de inquérito que avaliou serviços de saúde na cidade de Salgueiro-PE, envolvendo 40 participantes. Os dados foram coletados através de questionário com perguntas específicas para cada componente organizacional essencial da atenção básica para as ações de controle da TB, além de perguntas sobre o perfil do paciente, informações clínicas epidemiológicas e estado atual de saúde. A fim de conhecer as políticas realizadas no controle da TB no município em estudo, foi também elaborado um roteiro com perguntas direcionadas ao gestor. RESULTADOS: Houve predominância do sexo masculino com 28 (70%), com ensino fundamental incompleto 15 (37,5%) e com faixa etária de 34 a 59 anos de idade. Quanto ao local do diagnóstico, o hospital teve maior prevalência de casos diagnosticados com tuberculose com 62,5%, os que realizavam tratamento supervisionado foram 85,0%. As médias das ações avaliadas demonstraram que o município de Salgueiro-PE não desenvolve ações de educação em saúde e busca ativa de sintomáticos respiratórios, obtendo médias favoráveis apenas para realização da baciloscopia de diagnóstico, consultas mensais de controle e acompanhamento medicamentoso. CONCLUSÃO: Houve fragilidades no desempenho das ações e serviços pela estratégia saúde da família no munícipio de Salgueiro, com prejuízos ao controle e ao tratamento, sendo necessário o fortalecimento das ações e serviços no combate à doença.
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The role of adhesion molecules is very important both in the activation of carcinogenesis and in the differentiation of subtypes of breast carcinoma, aiding in diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic choice in these tumors. Therefore, understanding the functions and interrelationships among these molecules is crucial to the pathologist, who often uses these factors as a resource to differentiate tumors and further classify them according to a molecular point of view. Our goal is to describe the applicability and the difficulties encountered by the pathologist in the diagnosis of breast carcinoma, discussing the most commonly used markers of adhesion in routine analyses.
O papel das moléculas de adesão é de suma importância tanto na ativação da carcinogênese quanto na diferenciação dos subtipos de carcinomas mamários, auxiliando no diagnóstico, no prognóstico e na escolha terapêutica nessas neoplasias. Portanto, a compreensão das funções e das inter-relações entre essas moléculas é de suma importância para o patologista, que, muitas vezes, as utiliza como recurso na diferenciação dos tumores e, consequentemente, elas auxiliam em uma posterior classificação do ponto de vista molecular. O objetivo é descrever a aplicabilidade e as dificuldades encontradas pelo médico patologista no diagnóstico de carcinoma mamário, discutindo os marcadores de adesividade mais utilizados na rotina.
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Female , Humans , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Cell Transformation, Neoplastic , Cadherins/metabolism , Claudins/metabolism , Immunohistochemistry , Metalloproteases/metabolism , Mucins/metabolismABSTRACT
Liver microsomal cytochrome P4502E1-dependent p-nitrophenol (PNP) hydroxylation and expression of cytochrome P4502E1 were studied in rats subjected to gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCCH) or L-3,3,5-triiodothyronine (T3) administration as a possible mechanism contributing to superoxide radical (O2.-) generation. HCCH treatment (a single dose of 40 mg/kg body wt) produced a 43 per cent increase in the content of total cytochrome P450, whereas T3 (daily doses of 0.1 mg/kg body wt for two consecutive days) led to a 37 per cent decrease. NADPH-dependent O2.- generation was elevated by HCCH and T3, expressed as either per mg of protein or per nmol of cytochrome P450, with a 135 per cent enhancement in the O2.- production/superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity ratios being observed in both conditions. This was partly due to depression of SOD activity. Concomitantly, the molecular activity of NADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase was enhanced by 90 and 69 per cent by HCCH and T3, respectively. In these conditions, microsomal PNP hydroxylation showed increases of 58 and 45 per cent in HCCH- and T3-treated rats over control values, respectively, with a parallel 31 per cent (HCCH) and 41 per cent (T3) enhancement in the content of cytochrome P4502E1 assessed by western immunoblotting. We conclude that HCCH and T3 enhance the expression and activity of cytochrome P4502E1 and that of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase in rat liver, regardless of the changes in total cytochrome P450 content, representing major contributory mechanisms to microsomal NADPH-dependent O2.- generation.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Liver , Microsomes, Liver , Liver , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Reactive Oxygen SpeciesABSTRACT
Cytotoxicity induced by xenobiotics and hormonal changes is a complex event, comprising primary and secondary mechanisms whose joint operation may lead to irreversible molecular changes associated with cell death. In this respect, alcoholic liver cell necrosis may be conditioned either by the generation of ethanol-derived acetaldehyde leading to covalent binding to biomolecules and derangement of key metabolic functions, the production of hypoxic damage secondary to elevated O2 uptake, impairment of membrane functions upon reduction in membrane fluidity, and/or by the development of oxidative stress. The latter mechanism is involved in the hepatotoxic effects of lindane, involving both early direct actions related to the biotransformation of the insecticide and late adaptive changes derived from cytochrome P-450 induction. Thyroid calorigenesis involving an accelerated rate of O2 consumption in the liver determines an increased oxidative stress status due to higher rates of O2 and/or H2O2 production by microsomal, mitochondrial, and peroxisomal electron transport systems, with diminished antioxidant defenses. Hyperthyroidism-induced liver oxidative stress may be associated with cell injury, altered hepatic functions, and potentiation of toxicity by xenobiotics. Liver oxidative stress may be secondarily exacerbated by neutrophil infiltration and/or alterations in Kupffer cell function. These phagocytes release chemical mediators and respiratory burst-related reactive O2 species upon stimulation in the liver, which are potentially toxic for parenchymal cells. As the different factors underlying oxidative stress and the interrelationships between oxidative stress and other cytotoxic mechanisms become better defined preventive and protective interventions will become more clear.